.

This causes the water at the surface to settle to the bottom, pushing the now relatively warmer water at the bottom back to the surface. This process continues until the surface water cools below 4-degrees Celsius, at which point it becomes less dense, and eventually freezes.

Remember, water is most dense at 4 degrees Celsius. It becomes less dense above and below this temperature. If water were most dense as a solid, lakes would freeze from the bottom up, eventually freezing solid. In that case, little or nothing would survive in the lake. Most lakes and ponds don't completely freeze because the ice and eventually snow on the surface acts to insulate the water below. Our winters aren't long or cold enough to completely freeze most local water bodies.

This process of lakes turning over is crtically important to the life in the lake. It is these turnover periods that infuse and distribute oxygen throughout the entire water column. Fish have several adaptions to survive a winter below the ice.

Because warm water sinks in very cold freshwater, fish in these water bodies often gather in groups near the bottom. Some species, like koi and gobies, may burrow into soft sediments and go dormant like frogs and other amphibians, but most fish simply school in the deepest pools and take a "winter rest. In this resting state, fishes' hearts slow down, their needs for food and oxygen decrease, and they move about very little. If you've ever gone ice fishing, you know that a long line, a slow, colorful lure, and a hearty portion of patience are often required to land this quiet quarry!

This prompted me to think abo ut when and how our lakes freeze over in this area. As you all know, water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Therefore, below freezing temperatures are needed for a week or more to form ice on a large lake.

As I have mentioned before, water is a unique substance in that the solid form ice is lighter than the liquid form water. For most substances, the solid form is heavier. Cold water usually has a good amount of oxygen dissolved in it, and any fish and wildlife will be using up less oxygen. If this is the case, aquatic life should be able to cope with the surface being ice capped for a few days.

However, if the surface stays completely sealed for more than a few days, you will need to act. The oxygen levels may start to fall, and dissolved waste gases may start to build up in the water. Overtime, this could be a deadly combination and will prove to be fatal to your aquatic life. This is especially a problem with a heavily stocked pond; where there is a lot of debris in the pond; or has snow lying on the ice, stopping light from reaching underwater plants.

If there is snow lying on top of the ice try to use a standard brush to remove the snow, as noisy methods can disrupt the hibernating fish. This will allow light to reach your aquatic plants, enabling them to oxygenate your pond. Keeping a hole open in the ice is a good idea to enable the gas exchange of Oxygen and Ammonia. As quietly as possible to avoid disturbing your fish, try melting a hole in the ice by placing a pan with boiling water onto the ice; this helps to melt it slowly without affecting the fish.

These purple-flowered plants are not just pretty to look at. Plants like these led to a huge leap forward in biology. The plants are common garden pea plants, and they were studied in the mids by an Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel. With his careful experiments, Mendel uncovered the secrets of heredity, or how parents pass characteristics to their offspring. You may not care much about heredity in pea plants, but you probably care about your own heredity.

People have long known that the characteristics of living things are similar in parents and their offspring. He did well in school and became a monk. He also went to the University of Vienna, where he studied science and math. His professors encouraged him to learn science through experimentation and to use math to make sense of his results.

Mendel is best known for his experiments with the pea plant Pisum sativum see Figure below. Gregor Mendel. The Austrian monk Gregor Mendel experimented with pea plants. He did all of his research in the garden of the monastery where he lived. This is the theory that offspring have a blend, or mix, of the characteristics of their parents.

For example, a tall plant and a short plant had offspring that were either tall or short but not medium in height. He found that all of the first-generation F1 hybrids looked like 1 of the parent plants. For example, all the progeny of a purple and white flower cross were purple not pink, as blending would have predicted. However, when he allowed the hybrid plants to self-pollinate, the hidden traits would reappear in the second-generation F2 hybrid plants.

Mendel described each of the trait variants as dominant or recessive Dominant traits, like purple flower colour, appeared in the F1 hybrids, whereas recessive traits, like white flower colour, did not. Mendel did thousands of cross-breeding experiments. His key finding was that there were 3 times as many dominant as recessive traits in F2 pea plants ratio. Mendel also experimented to see what would happen if plants with 2 or more pure-bred traits were cross-bred.

He found that each trait was inherited independently of the other and produced its own ratio. This is the principle of independent assortment. In addition, Mendel confirmed that, other than flower color, the pea plants were physically identical.

This was an important check to make sure that the two varieties of pea plants only differed with respect to one trait, flower color.

Once these validations were complete, Mendel applied the pollen from a plant with violet flowers to the stigma of a plant with white flowers. After gathering and sowing the seeds that resulted from this cross, Mendel found that percent of the F 1 hybrid generation had violet flowers. Conventional wisdom at that time would have predicted the hybrid flowers to be pale violet or for hybrid plants to have equal numbers of white and violet flowers.

In other words, the contrasting parental traits were expected to blend in the offspring. Importantly, Mendel did not stop his experimentation there. He allowed the F 1 plants to self-fertilize and found that plants in the F 2 generation had violet flowers and had white flowers. This was a ratio of 3. When Mendel transferred pollen from a plant with violet flowers to the stigma of a plant with white flowers and vice versa, he obtained approximately the same ratio irrespective of which parent—male or female—contributed which trait.

This is called a reciprocal cross —a paired cross in which the respective traits of the male and female in one cross become the respective traits of the female and male in the other cross. For the other six characteristics that Mendel examined, the F 1 and F 2 generations behaved in the same way that they behaved for flower color.

One of the two traits would disappear completely from the F 1 generation, only to reappear in the F 2 generation at a ratio of roughly Figure 8. Upon compiling his results for many thousands of plants, Mendel concluded that the characteristics could be divided into expressed and latent traits.

He called these dominant and recessive traits , respectively. Dominant traits are those that are inherited unchanged in a hybridization. From Eichling [ 25 ] and from a later seed-order we know that Mendel was in contact with Benary in Erfurt, Germany [ 26 ]. A subset of 15 of these, where the status of several Mendelian characters can be determined, is described in Additional file 1 : Table S1.

Among the 15 varieties for which we could obtain the most information, there are different parental combinations that could be used in crossing. Of these, 21 would segregate for a single Mendelian character.

Crosses for which 2, 3, 4 or 5 characters would segregate in the F2 can be found, and for three crosses, if it is assumed that pod colour is green where this is not specified, 6 characters would segregate. With his background in meteorology and physics and his appreciation for numbers, Mendel may have noticed that green or wrinkled seeds were typically ca. Where both segregate a ca. As Mendel had studied combinatorial theory under Ettinghausen in Vienna [ 33 ] this may have piqued his interest.

The 2 years of trialling that Mendel undertook with 34 varieties [ 11 , 3 ] would have provided information about purity of seed lots, similarity of varieties, and the stability both phenotypic and genotypic of the character states of these varieties. This would undoubtedly have assisted in his identifying the 22 varieties that he chose to cross for his experiments and the 7 characters he chose to follow in their offspring. The genes le and v are genetically linked, but le and p lie on different linkage groups see [ 23 , 38 ].

He also mentioned that this segregant bred true in the following generation presumably and that it became a popular variety cultivated in the monastery [ 25 , 5 ]. Furthermore, if this involved le and v rather than p then the linkage between le and v recombination fraction ca. In the four factor cross discussed by Eichling [ 25 ] the linkage was in repulsion, so the occurrence of double homozygous recessive types in the F2 would be rare see Additional file 2 , p5.

If this was in fact what happened, Mendel would have had difficulty in noticing that they behaved differently from the others he studied, i. If such an F2 population was used to generate an F3 in which both le and v were scored, then many but not all of the heterozygotes identified for each character would be the same F2 individual, consistent with them having similar segregation ratios as seen in Fig. Frequency distribution of segregation ratios.

This frequency corresponds to the likelihood, L m , y-axis with which that number occurs as determined by the binomial distribution; these values were obtained in Excel using the function BINOM. The values that Mendel obtained are ringed and the gene involved is indicated, see Ellis et al. For the differentiation between AA and Aa genotypes in the F2, it is necessary to examine the F3 progeny of each individual plant; on average 1 in 4 of F3 progeny of Aa genotypes will be aa homozygous recessive but none occur in the selfed progeny of AA genotypes.

If there are very few F3 seed it is possible that, by chance alone, no recessive types will appear in the F3, so for small F3 families some Aa genotypes may therefore be misclassified as AA. Analysis of the segregation of seed characters R vs r and I vs i is relatively easily done, because the F3 seed occurs in the pods on the F2 plants.

Therefore we can estimate that among these plants the frequency of misclassifying Aa genotypes as AA is low ca. In this situation it is reasonable to consider that the genotypic segregation ratio should approximate to the expected 1: 2 ratio AA : Aa. The seed characters discussed above can be scored using the F2 seeds that are in the pods of the F1 plant.

In order to score other characters plant height, pod colour etc. Thus, because of misclassification, Fisher expected the AA : Aa ratio should be 1: 1. Experimental design. The gene symbols are as described in Ellis et al. It may just have been luck; or it may be that the worthy German [sic] abbot, in his ignorance of probable error, unconsciously placed doubtful plants on the side which favoured his hypothesis' qtd.

Fisher later changed his mind and attributed these results to the work of an assistant. It should be noted that Mendel could not possibly obtain a result that was exactly either of these ratios because the ratio he obtained must consist of two integers that sum to Given this constraint, we can derive the expected frequency of each possible ratio and see how the distribution of segregation ratios Mendel obtained compares to their expected frequencies.

This relationship is plotted in Fig. We should note that the segregation ratios for le and v or p are very similar as would be expected if they derived from the same heterozygotes in the same seed lot.

In fact these two ratios are more alike than are the repeat trials with pod colour gp , consistent with their being the same actual plants rather than different samples from the same F2 see above. Mendel provided F2 data for these experiments, from which, assuming random mating of the gametes, the allelic ratios in these particular seed batches can be estimated, and this allows a comparison between the F2 and estimated F3 ratios Additional file 2.

From these data we can conclude that the F2 and F3 ratios are within the expected range of one another, but that for le and v or p the deviation is greatest, and again these two characters behave in a very similar way, consistent with the underlying genes being linked. As in the bifactorial cross, Mendel would have had an abundance of F3 seed on his mature F2 plants for the determination of seed characters, and Edwards [ 9 , 10 ] appropriately gives an expectation of a 1: 2 ratio for these characters.

Mendel did not state how many F3 plants were cultivated in this experiment; it could be that he used 10 F3 plants, as in the experiments discussed in the previous section, but he could have grown fewer or more.

The convenience of using leaf axil colour would have been obvious, so Mendel could have examined many more than 10 F3 segregants without needing to cultivate all the plants to maturity. The genes involved in the trifactorial experiment were R vs r , I vs i and A vs a , and Mendel reported the segregation of A vs a within each of the nine seed character classes Table 1 , Additional file 2 : Table S2.

Four classes have more Aa plants than a ratio predicts; the abundance of the aa class in the F2 of this batch of seed suggests the frequency of the a allele is 0. There are two points to consider about these ratios. The first is whether or not to assume that Mendel used exactly 10 F3 individuals selfed from each F2 and the second is whether to assume that the A and a alleles had an exactly equal ratio, or whether to estimate their ratio from the frequency of the aa class in the F2.

The simplest interpretation is that this reflects the experiment which Mendel performed. Either way the evidence is against the interpretation that the results were adjusted to fit to the 1: 2 ratio because, in this particular seed lot, they are closer to the estimate of the actual ratio rather than the theoretical 1: 2 ratio. One can applaud the lucky gambler; but when he is lucky again to-morrow, and the next day, and the following day, one is entitled to become a little suspicious.

In the 2nd experiment 32 yellow and only 1 green seed, but also 20 yellow and 19 green ones. For each of the first two experiments Mendel gave the number of seeds with dominant and recessive phenotypes for i the experiment as a whole, ii for the first ten plants as an example of variation and iii for two extremes of segregation, one where the number of dominant and recessive seeds was nearly equal and another where the number of recessive seeds was very low.

Got much better idea. How does allocating vs clearing to cost of goods sold affect the operating income??? Excellent explanation.

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To Good!! Great reinforcement for test review. Specific and clearly written. This so great Reply. Thank you every much. It is really helpful! Thanks the explanations is really helpful. Thanks for your explanation Easy to understand Reply.

Job order costing and overhead allocation are not new methods of accounting and apply to governmental units as well. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. Want to cite, share, or modify this book? Skip to Content Go to accessibility page. Principles of Accounting, Volume 2: Managerial Accounting 4. My highlights. Table of contents.

Answer Key. These can be useful in assessing capital budgeting decisions and the allocation of limited resources from time, money, and human capital. Advancements in electronic inventory and production management systems have greatly eased the burden of comprehensive operational reporting, often including underapplied overhead analysis. These improvements allow managers to better assess key operational metrics. Underapplied overhead is the opposite of overapplied overhead.

Overapplied overhead occurs when expenses incurred are actually less than what a company accounts for in its budget. This means that a company comes in under budget and achieves a lower amount of overhead costs during the accounting period. Businesses must account for overapplied overheads as well. This is recorded in the opposite manner that underapplied overhead is on the balance sheet—first noted as a credit to the overhead section, which is then offset by a credit on the COGS section and debit on the overhead section by the end of the fiscal year.

Financial Statements. Small Business Taxes. Tools for Fundamental Analysis. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Use precise geolocation data. Select personalised content. Create a personalised content profile. Measure ad performance. Select basic ads. Create a personalised ads profile. Select personalised ads. If individuals who are responsible for overhead costs do a good job, those costs should be less than were expected at the beginning of the period.

If they do a poor job, those costs will be more than expected. Suppose that two companies A and B have prepared the following estimated data for the coming year:. During the period. At the end of the period. What disposition should be made of any under or over applied overhead balance remaining in the manufacturing overhead account at the end of a period? To understand the procedure of disposing off any under or over applied overhead see d isposition of any balance remaining in the manufacturing overhead account at the end of a period page.

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Due to an unbalanced diet, accelerated lifestyle and increased stress, it is common case the body to be deficient in this vitamin. People who are prone to decrease of vitamin B complex are especially sensitive to disease, as well as for development of many other health problems.

Vitamin B12 together with other B vitamins, except in health, plays a big role in beauty preserving. B vitamins take care of hair, skin and nails beauty. It is noticeable that due to the lack of these vitamins, the hair becomes weak and thin, nails are brittle and fragile, and the skin is prone to pimples.

Pantothenic acid, or vitamin B5, is known by its role in defending hair from graying, by stimulating pigment. Pyridoxine makes it more beautiful. So, the more B vitamins you will look younger. Methylcobalamin, a form of vitamin B12, is beneficial to the body in many ways. Absorption of this vitamin form by the organism is complete. It occurs countless times throughout your day and plays a role in several different biochemical processes that affect almost every structure in your body.

Methylation plays a role in :. Read more: Feeling Depressed? Your Genes May Be to Blame. Unfortunately, according to Dr. Alan Miller , a naturopathic doctor and staff member at the supplement company Thorne, approximately 60 percent of Americans have at least one genetic mutation that disrupts the proper functioning of the methylation system.

Among a host of other problems, when you have a methylation defect, and your methylation system isn't working properly, you're generally not able to convert synthetic forms of vitamin B12 into forms that your body can use. You don't have a problem absorbing vitamin B You just have a problem converting inactive forms of vitamin B12, like cyanocobalamin, to active forms that your body can actually use.

Because of this, people with a methylation defect may have normal levels of vitamin B12 in their blood, but their bodies can't effectively use it. This also makes it difficult to correctly diagnose deficiencies. One remarkable study was published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society in For this study, researchers followed the vitamin B12 status of an year-old woman who was experiencing several symptoms of severe vitamin B12 deficiency, such as cognitive impairment, fatigue, psychosis, paranoia and insomnia, even though the levels of B12 in her blood were normal.

Researchers put the study participant on 3, micrograms of methyl B12 and 1, micrograms of folic acid. Within two weeks, her paranoia went away, her cognition improved, and she was back to her normal behaviors.

After the improvements, researchers changed the B12 supplement she was receiving to hydroxocobalamin, an inactive form of B All symptoms returned within two months. After switching back to methyl B12, normal functioning was restored again. Functional Functional. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features.

Performance Performance. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Analytics Analytics. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc.

Advertisement Advertisement. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Methylcobalamin is rapidly gaining popularity over cyanocobalamin and in all likelihood methylcobalamin will ultimately dominate the industry.

Methylcobalamin has a methyl group just carbon and hydrogen while cyanocobalamin contains a cyanide molecule. Although the amount of cyanide in a normal B12 supplement is too small to be harmful, your body will still need to remove and eliminate this compound.

Methylcobalamin the most bio-available form of Vitamin B12, i. Further to this research has shown that it remains in the body for a longer period of time and at higher levels than cyanocobalamin, which means that your body is supplied with vitamin B12 for longer if you use methylcobalamin than if you use cyanocobalamin.

Methylcobalamin is used primarily in your liver, brain and nervous system, in fact methylcobalamin is the specific form of B12 needed for nervous system health. Because of methylcobalamin's importance in nervous system health, it is also an important nutrient for vision. Research has shown that methylcobalamin significantly improves visual accommodation, while cyanocobalamin appears to be ineffective.

In IPv4 not IPv6 , a checksum is used to protect the header of each datagram. The checksum ensures that the information in a received header is accurate, however, IP does not attempt to detect errors that may have occurred to the data in each packet. The primary protocols in the internet layer are the Internet Protocol IP. It is implemented in two versions, IPv4 and IPv6. Different implementations exist for IPv4 and IPv6.

IPsec also includes protocols for cryptographic key establishment. IPsec was originally designed as a base specification in IPv6 in , and later adapted to IPv4, with which it has found widespread use in securing virtual private networks.

Non-linearity and Network Complexity. The Amplification Principle. The Coupling Principle. Complexity lesson from voice. Upgrade cost of complexity. Layering Considered Harmful. Optimization Considered Harmful. Feature Richness Considered Harmful. Evolution of Transport Efficiency for IP. Convergence Layering. Note on Transport Protocol Layering. Second Order Effects. Avoid the Universal Interworking Function. Avoid Control Plane Interworking.

Packet versus Circuit Switching: Fundamental Differences. Is PS is inherently more efficient than CS? Is PS simpler than CS? Macro Operation Complexity. Hardware Complexity. Fixed versus variable costs. Relative Complexity.

The Myth of Over-Provisioning. The Myth of Five Nines. Architectural Component Proportionality Law. Service Delivery Paths. Security Considerations. Authors' Addresses. Full Copyright Statement. This note extends that work by outlining some of the philosophical guidelines to which architects and designers of Internet backbone networks should adhere.

While many of the areas outlined in this document may be controversial, the unifying principle described here, controlling complexity as a mechanism to control costs and reliability, should not be. Complexity in carrier networks can derive from many sources. However, as stated in [ DOYLE ], "Complexity in most systems is driven by the need for robustness to uncertainty in their environments and component parts far more than by basic functionality".

The major thrust of this document, then, is to raise awareness about the complexity of some of our current architectures, and to examine the effect such complexity will almost certainly have on the IP carrier industry's ability to succeed.

The rest of this document is organized as follows: The first section describes the Simplicity Principle and its implications for the design of very large systems. The remainder of the document outlines the high-level consequences of the Simplicity Principle and how it should guide large scale network architecture and design approaches.

Bush, et. The implication for carrier IP networks then, is that to be successful we must drive our architectures and designs toward the simplest possible solutions. Such state should be maintained only in the end points, in such a way that the state can only be destroyed when the end point itself breaks. In this model, the thin waist of the hourglass is envisioned as the minimalist IP layer, and any additional complexity is added above the IP layer.

In short, the complexity of the Internet belongs at the edges, and the IP layer of the Internet should remain as simple as possible. Finally, note that the End-to-End Argument does not imply that the core of the Internet will not contain and maintain state. In fact, a huge amount coarse grained state is maintained in the Internet's core e. However, the important point here is that this coarse grained state is almost orthogonal to the state maintained by the end-points e.

It is this minimization of interaction that contributes to simplicity. As a result, consideration of "core vs. Non-linearity and Network Complexity Complex architectures and designs have been and continue to be among the most significant and challenging barriers to building cost- effective large scale IP networks. Consider, for example, the task of building a large scale packet network.

Industry experience has shown that building such a network is a different activity and hence requires a different skill set than building a small to medium scale Bush, et. In particular, the largest networks exhibit, both in theory and in practice, architecture, design, and engineering non-linearities which are not exhibited at smaller scale.

That is, systems such as the Internet could be described as highly self-dissimilar, with extremely different scales and levels of abstraction [ CARLSON ]. The Amplification Principle The Amplification Principle states that there are non-linearities which occur at large scale which do not occur at small to medium scale. In system-theoretic terms, in large systems such as these, even small perturbations on the input to a process can destabilize the system's output. An important example of the Amplification Principle is non-linear resonant amplification, which is a powerful process that can transform dynamic systems, such as large networks, in surprising ways with seemingly small fluctuations.

These small fluctuations may slowly accumulate, and if they are synchronized with other cycles, may produce major changes. Resonant phenomena are examples of non- linear behavior where small fluctuations may be amplified and have influences far exceeding their initial sizes. The natural world is filled with examples of resonant behavior that can produce system- wide changes, such as the destruction of the Tacoma Narrows bridge due to the resonant amplification of small gusts of wind.

Other examples include the gaps in the asteroid belts and rings of Saturn which are created by non-linear resonant amplification. Some features of human behavior and most pilgrimage systems are influenced by resonant phenomena involving the dynamics of the solar system, such as solar days, the A related result is that a small amount of inter-connectivity causes the output of a routing mesh to be significantly more complex than its input [ GRIFFIN ].

An important method for reducing amplification is ensure that local changes have only local effect this is as opposed to systems in which local changes have global effect. Finally, ATM provides an excellent example of an amplification effect: if you lose one cell, you destroy Bush, et. They consider the Boeing , which is a "fly-by-wire" aircraft, containing as many as , subsystems and approximately CPUs. What they observe is that while the is robust to large-scale atmospheric disturbances, turbulence boundaries, and variations in cargo loads to name a few , it could be catastrophically disabled my microscopic alterations in a very few large CPUs as the point out, fortunately this is a very rare occurrence.

This example illustrates the issue "that complexity can amplify small perturbations, and the design engineer must ensure such perturbations are extremely rare. The Coupling Principle The Coupling Principle states that as things get larger, they often exhibit increased interdependence between components. Much of the non-linearity observed large systems is largely due to coupling. This coupling has both horizontal and vertical components. In the context of networking, horizontal coupling is exhibited between the same protocol layer, while vertical coupling occurs between layers.

Coupling is exhibited by a wide variety of natural systems, including plasma macro-instabilities hydro-magnetic, e. Functions The network layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable-length data sequences from a source to a destination host via one or more networks, while maintaining the quality of service functions.

Functions of the network layer include: Connection model: connectionless communication For example, IP is connectionless, in that a datagram can travel from a sender to a recipient without the recipient having to send an acknowledgement. Host addressing Every host in the network must have a unique address that determines where it is. Message forwarding Since many networks are partitioned into subnetworks and connect to other networks for wide-area communications, networks use specialized hosts, called gateways or routers, to forward packets between networks.

Powered by Networx Security Donate. English Deutsch. But, to take your hydration game up a level, incorporate mists and essences in your nighttime skincare rituals.

You can apply them after your toner or replace your toner with them. Chemical Exfoliator - Regular exfoliation is essential for drawing out dead cell build-up from the pores and revealing a soft, smooth, and bright complexion underneath. However, chemical exfoliation is your best bet to avoid skin irritation and redness. Eye Cream - Applying an eye cream at night is a must to protect and rejuvenate the delicate skin around your eyes.

Layering it before your treatment products form a film on the skin and protects the sensitive eye area from potent ingredients in products applied afterward. Serums and Treatments - You can use your treatment serums and prescription creams like retinol, tretinoin, and hydroquinone to regenerate, restore, and repair damaged skin.

However, be mindful to avoid using these treatments after applying chemical exfoliators to prevent skin irritation. If you do not use treatment serums or prescription creams, pick your favorite serum to add an extra boost to your routine. Night creams have a thicker formula and help to heal and hydrate the skin as you sleep. Facial oils have occlusive properties that help to lock in moisture from other products and inhibit the loss of water and moisture from the skin.

In addition, natural oils have high antioxidant powers, which make them ideal for blocking out harsh environmental elements. In Conclusion We hope this write-up will give you the guidance you need in deciding what order to apply your skincare products. Citations: Davidson, Emily.

I have tried using the full path, relative I must be doing something totally stupid here, but I can't get the PLCrashReporter framework included in my project.

Here are the steps I took I am using Xcode 4, and I can't find a way to work with the graphical predicate builder. Is it still there? How do I use it? Where is the documentation on this? I haven't been able to find what these Xcode icons mean. Some you can deduce cup icon is cocoa, person icon is your code but other's are more View Display section.

Clean the Build If there is any issue in the project build, then first step is to clean the build, which will clean the build and make a new build from scratch next time when you run the code. Clean the Build Folder This will delete all of the products and intermediate files in the build folder. Reset the Simulator Content and Settings This will delete all installed applications, content, and settings. Run this command in your terminal: defaults delete com.

Prev article. Next article. What can be the other causes of this extremely slow behavior of Xcode 4? Anyway - Is it really complete removal as my main custom Xcode preference settings has survived? Organizer - Repositories - cleaned all repositories I use Git and Xcode somehow stores list there for its own reasons even if I use only command line to manage Git - small improvement.

Organizer - Projects - cleaned all Projects from the list except opened ones - small improvement File - Source control - disable Show Remote Status was enabled somehow, thx to ThomasW for pointing to that , but did NOT help much. I can finally type smoothly again! What a surprise. Such a trivial solution. Why it does not do lookups in the background or something?

You can certainly do this. Make your own app store : First, build your app to an archive. IPA file. I have upgraded to Xcode 6. Has anyone experienced the same? I have tried to uninstall both Xcode versions, but it didn't help. I didn't noticed this setting until now. This is officially confirmed to be an issue with Xcode 9. Then select any iOS10 simulator from the list e. I had this same problem, and after scratching my head for a while, I realized that having the Xcode "Organizer" window open while running the Simulator causes it to behave very slowly.

Ben Davis December 27, Why do scientists use SI as a standard system of measurement? What is the SI unit of length? What are the advantages of SI units over traditional units?

Is the SI system based on units of ? What is SI unit and its advantages? Why is it easier to convert SI units than the English system of units? What are the disadvantages of SI units? What are the 7 units of measurement?

What are the advantages of using SI units Class 6? Why do we need Si system? Why are non-SI units still used? Why is there no SI base unit for area? What does SI mean in mental health? What is SI in psychology? The International System of Units SI , commonly known as the metric system, is the international standard for measurement.

The International Treaty of the Meter was signed in Paris on May 20, by seventeen countries, including the United States and is now celebrated around the globe as World Metrology Day. NIST provides official U. The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visted in an anonymous form. It is used by Recording filters to identify new user sessions. This cookie is set when the customer first lands on a page with the Hotjar script.

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Powered by. You can now easily calculate the number of millimeters in a kilometer. SI units are interrelated in such a way that one unit is derived from other units without conversion factors. SI is used in most places around the world, so our use of it allows scientists from disparate regions to use a single standard in communicating scientific data without vocabulary confusion.

Why do scientists prefer the SI units over the old English system of measurement? Physics Introduction to Physics Measurement and Units.

You will get the idea that it is plain hard to solve DFS with iteration. Another good thing to try out : Try to write Merge sort iteratively. It will take you quite some time. Trust me. Try to write your own version to solve depth-first search iteratively. You will notice that some problems are easier to solve it recursively. Hint : Recursion is good when you are solving a problem that can be solved by divide and conquer technique.

Python Javascript Linux Cheat sheet Contact. The main reasons to use recursion are that it's more intuitive in many cases when it mimics our approach of the problem that some data structures like trees are easier to explore using recursion or would need stacks in any case Of course every recursion can be modeled as a kind of loop : that's what the CPU will ultimately do. Is it correct to say that everywhere recursion is used a for loop could be used?

Consider tail recursion , and read the "Lambda: The Ultimate Tony Hoare originally described Quicksort iteratively, and he reported that it was very difficult to explain. See Quicksort in Haskell for the details.

If the array has length equal to one, you are finished, otherwise, you actually have to sort it. First, you pick a pivot element.

Traditionally, this is the first element, but any element can be used. Next, you take a pass over the array, to form three subarrays. The first is all elements less than the pivot, the second is all elements equal to the pivot, and the third is all elements greater than the pivot.

If the array element values are required to be unique, then the length of the second subarray is equal to one. Now quicksort the first subarray, and then quicksort the second subarray. Binary search is easiest to understand when presented recursively, and it is in fact tail-recursive.

You probe the middle element of the array. If it is equal to the value you are looking for, you are done. If the middle element is greater than the value you seek, then you know that the desired value must lie "to the left", and you search the subarray before the middle element, otherwise you search the subarray after the middle element.

In both cases, you know that the middle element is not the target, so you leave it out. You either find your target, or you run out of array to search. At that point, you bail all the way out, and you're done.

In the year , never mind , any self-respecting compiler knows how to do tail recursion optimization, even Java compilers. Note: The classic Java virtual machine does not support general tail call optimization, for lack of a general GOTO operation, but that does not affect tail recursion optimization. The real problem, a lot of places, is that the people running the show never learned about tail recursion optimization, and so they ban all recursion.

I ran into this at Nortel Networks, and had to write a full page of comments explaining it and some related concepts AND show them the assembly language listings that proved the compiler was NOT actually generating recursive calls.

Nortel is gone now, but those managers still exist in a lot of places. Sign up to join this community. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top. Stack Overflow for Teams — Collaborate and share knowledge with a private group. Create a free Team What is Teams? Learn more. With recursion, you also get the added benefit that other programmers can more easily understand your code — which is always a good thing to have.

Correcting other answers: any iteration can be transformed into recursion with the caveat that a stack overflow may occur. However , not all recursions can be transformed directly into iteration. Often you will need some form of scratch space to hold the data that would otherwise be stored on the stack. As for which to choose: that depends on your language on and the convenience of writing a recursive solution. Strictly speaking, recursion and iteration are both equally powerful.

Any recursive solution can be implemented as an iterative solution with a stack. The inverse transformation can be trickier, but most trivial is just passing the state down through the call chain. In Java, there is one situation where a recursive solution is better than a naive iterative one, and one situation where they are basically equivalent. In most other cases, the iterative solution will be superior, since function call overhead is avoided. If the function uses a stack implicitly, then the recursive solution will typically be superior.

Consider a depth-first search:. In the recursive case, you will use the process stack, which will not create any garbage or allocate any memory. The recursive solution is vulnerable to a stack overflow, but will run faster otherwise. If the function uses tail recursion, then the two solutions will be equivalent because the JIT will transform the recursive one into the iterative one.

Tail recursion is when the last thing that a function does is invoke itself recursively, allowing the compiler to ignore any accumulated state. For example, traversing a list. In most other situations, an iterative solution will be superior. For example, if you wanted to do a breadth-first search, then you could use a Queue instead of a Stack in the iterative solution, and have it work instantly, while transforming it to a recursive solution requires that you pay for both the implicit stack in the call stack, and still pay for the queue.

The statement, "Recursion is always better than iteration" is false. There are cases when either one is preferable over the other. It's difficult to give you a decisive answer over which type of algorithm to use because it depends on the particular case.

For example, the common textbook recursion case of the Fibonacci sequence is incredibly inefficient using recursion, so it's better to use iteration in that case.

Conversely, traversing a tree can be implemented more efficiently using recursion. To answer your second question, yes, any iterative algorithm can be implemented using recursion and vice-versa.

If we remember the pass by value mechanism of java we can understand that the recursion consumes more memory as for each call you pass a copy of the object reference address or value of some primitive type. So as mach parameters you pass for each recursive call as mach memory you will consume for each call, on the other hand loops are light to use.

Improve Article. Like Article. Python3 program to find factorial of given number. Method to find the factorial of a given number. This code is contributed by mits. Output: Factorial of 5 using Recursion is: Factorial of 5 using Iteration is: Next Recursion.

Recommended Articles. Find maximum and minimum element in binary tree without using recursion or stack or queue. Article Contributed By :. Easy Normal Medium Hard Expert. Writing code in comment? Please use ide.

Sports drinks tend to overdo things with the sodium and sugar, according to Bates, so she had a tip for weekend warriors rehydrating that way. So split it up, and you can get three for the price of one.

Most doctors recommend that most people get less sodium in their diets. High sodium levels in the blood can cause inflammation, which, over time, can put you at risk for a number of serious health problems, including high blood pressure, stomach cancer, kidney stones, headaches, osteoporosis, stroke, and heart failure.

Hypernatremia—too much sodium in the blood—is essentially the same as dehydration, when there is too little water in the body. Instead, it can be brought on by not drinking enough water, severe diarrhea, vomiting, fever, kidney disease, diabetes insipidus loss of water hormone , certain medications, and large burn areas on the skin. It can be a bit of a snowball effect that can be countered by taking steps to eat a low-sodium diet.

Although they may not be necessary for everyone, diets that restrict sodium intake to less than 2, mg per day about a teaspoon of salt are often prescribed for people with certain medical conditions like high blood pressure, kidney disease, and heart failure.

Hyponatremia —too little sodium in the blood—is a relatively rare condition that can be caused by certain medications, problems with the heart, kidneys, or liver, hormonal changes, chronic alcoholism, malnutrition, or just drinking too much water. Mild, chronic hyponatremia can go undetected and may not cause any noticeable symptoms, but it may contribute to higher levels of cholesterol and triglycerides a type of fat in the blood. Acute hyponatremia, when sodium levels drop rapidly, can lead to brain swelling, seizure, coma, and even death.

The condition can often be prevented by treating any underlying medical conditions that can cause hyponatremia, or by drinking water in moderation or fluids that contain electrolytes when engaged in physical activities or sports. Many people are salt-resistant, meaning the amount of sodium in their diet does little to change their blood pressure.

Others, who are salt-sensitive, can see their blood pressure rise by five points or more if they go on a high-sodium diet.

For these people, who usually have high blood pressure to begin with, a low-sodium diet can be important for overall health. Excess salt is has been linked to hypertension, and of course hypertension is a risk for heart disease.

Some populations of people are very sodium sensitive, meaning when they eat sodium they retain fluid and their blood pressure rises. There's some research that shows if everybody reduced sodium in their diet, the rates of heart disease in the United States would go way down. With our current food production it's very difficult to cut out sodium.

A slice of bread can have milligrams of sodium alone. Unless you get back to a diet where you're really cooking from scratch, and not using processed foods or canned foods, it's really hard to reach that recommendation. Salt has been used for hundreds of years as a preservative, and some food makers use it as a flavoring because it's cheaper. It's more expensive to use other herbs and spices to make food taste good better than to add salt. Sodium chloride, which we acquire from table salt as well as from salted food products, is required for metabolic functions in the body and helps regulate fluid volume.

The issue with sodium is similar to sugar: The average American consumes well above the recommended amount. If we are consuming fresh, whole and natural foods, sodium intake can be reduced quite easily.

Avoiding added salt, soy sauce or other salty condiments will also help reduce total sodium intake. Look for products less than milligrams per serving, which is considered to be low in sodium. Requesting less sodium added to foods in restaurants is another means to reduce total daily sodium.

More importantly, consider cooking at home with fresh foods and low sodium recipes. Login ». As a service to our readers, Harvard Health Publishing provides access to our library of archived content. Please note the date of last review or update on all articles. No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician. Thanks for visiting. Don't miss your FREE gift.

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Note that rodent droppings can be equally dangerous and proper care should be taken when cleaning up any droppings. Property owners often feel that the danger is gone once a bat infestation has been eliminated.

However, bat guano is dangerous, particularly if it is in a home or even outdoors if it is in a place where people might disturb it.

When bat guano is disturbed it releases spores that can infect you with disease. If bats are a problem around your property, remember that there are three things that must take place in order for a bat removal job to be successful:.

Bat removal typically requires the use of a ladder, working in close proximity to a bat population, netting to capture bats as they exit the structure and then exclusion work which is necessary to ensure the bats do not return to the area. Bat work puts you at risk for diseases like rabies and histoplasmosis and we highly recommend you leave work like this to trained professionals.

For more information on the dangers of bat guano and urine visit our website. Learning about histoplasmosis can help you stay healthy and recognize symptoms early if you do get the infection. These symptoms usually appear between 3 and 17 days after breathing in the fungus. Because other diseases have similar symptoms, patients can experience delays in getting correctly diagnosed and treated. Anyone can get infected, but most people who breathe in the fungus that causes histoplasmosis have no symptoms or only mild ones.

These spots can look identical to lung cancer, leading to unnecessary costs and emotional stress associated with finding the right diagnosis. However, it is important to know that some people can develop severe histoplasmosis and get very sick.

This includes:. If you have symptoms and suspect that you might have histoplasmosis, ask your doctor to test you for it. In the United States, the fungus that causes histoplasmosis mainly lives in soil in central and eastern states, especially in areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys. People can get histoplasmosis by breathing in the fungus from the air in these areas.

They have an enormously useful role to play in insect control. This helps farmers save on pesticides and ultimately helps to keep food costs down. Because of this, and because of the decline in the bat population due to white-nose syndrome, bats are protected species in Canada. Their protected status means that it is illegal for you to harm a bat that you find on your property. Additionally, attempting to remove the animals yourself could be dangerous because bats can carry rabies and may become aggressive if provoked.

Do-it-yourself bat removal is also ineffectual because it does not solve the problem of the guano left behind, which could not only harm you but attract more bat colonies to your home in the future. Only a professional should attempt to remove bats from a home. Our Skedaddle Ajax wildlife technicians are trained to handle them safely in compliance with Canadian laws. Bat guano removal and decontamination are included as part of the service, as is closing off entry points so the winged mammals cannot return.

This protects your home and family while preserving a species important to the ecosystem. Canada's largest urban wildlife removal and exclusion company. But again, it can be removed with proper techniques and clean-up practices to leave your home free of bacteria. Leaving bat droppings to build up in the home is a health risk. An accumulation of droppings enables bacteria to grow. When the powdery guano breaks down, it releases airborne pathogens.

As the pile enlarges, it could affect the insulation and attic structure. Bat dung in your attic is dangerous, but this problem has a realistic solution. Histoplasmosis is the most common disease associated with bat guano.

Changes in the chemical structure of the tissue and a higher collagen content can also reduce flexibility and suppleness. The good news is that flexibility can be achieved at any age. It may take longer, and you may have to work a little harder if you are inflexible or an older adult, but we can all improve our flexibility.

As an exercise physiologist, Alia rates flexibility as a critical first step to achieving greater physical wellbeing. If you need a reminder of the benefits of physical fitness, check out this recent article. Three simple stretching techniques are all you need to start enjoying greater flexibility in just four weeks.

The first one sounds a bit of mouthful, but these are super simple stretches, and they get results. SMR works by placing pressure on a muscle and rolling at the pressure point. Ideally, you would use a foam roller, and you can buy them cheaply from K-Mart or Big W expect to pay anything from ten to thirty dollars. You could also use tennis balls or cricket balls to release pressure points. SMR can release chronic muscular tension by activating tiny sensing mechanisms at the point where the muscles and tendons join.

When pressed, these sensors stimulate the muscle spindles to relax the muscle. The result is a release of adhesions the places where fascia gets sticky or knotty and an increase in blood flow, helping to improve the quality of the tissue. Press until you can feel the muscle responding and stop if you feel any sharp pain.

Focus on your quadriceps, hamstrings, lower leg, sore spots on your neck and even under your feet. Dynamic stretching involves actively moving a joint through its full range of movement without any relaxation or holding of a position.

Static stretching involves holding a position with some level of mild discomfort for at least seconds. This form of stretching is very effective in increasing the range of movement in a joint and is most productive after exercise, when the goal is to increase flexibility and cool down. Check these top tips for safe stretching.

Take a few simple tests to check your flexibility in different parts of your body. Record the results and check again at the end of four weeks. You should only ever experience mild discomfort. Stop immediately if you feel any sharp pain. If you have any underlying health issues, check with your GP or health professional before undertaking any new physical stretching routines. Chronically tight muscles can be sensitive to cold, so you might want to perform the routine after a hot shower.

You could also cut the routine in half, dividing it into two sessions, one in the morning and afternoon or evening. A regular stretching routine, performed at least three times a week over four weeks, should set you on the way to restoring greater flexibility. With more flexibility and often less pain comes a greater ability to build muscle and improve body composition.

If you don't stretch, your muscles shorten and tighten, which puts them at a higher risk for injury during movement. Muscle strains aka pulled muscles occur when a muscle gets stretched beyond its capacity. In severe cases, the muscle can completely tear. When your muscles are inflexible to begin with, it's easier to sustain a strain. There's more to it than injuries, though.

Limited flexibility can also lead to daily, whole-body discomfort and limit your ability to exercise and complete regular daily tasks.

For instance, someone who is very inflexible might feel muscle pain when getting in and out of their car. Inflexibility also leads to muscle imbalances. Take an office worker , for example. Office workers sit for many hours with their hips at a degree angle.

The quadriceps and hip muscles are shortened in this position, while the hamstrings are lengthened. Tight hip flexors then tug on the pelvis and lead to lower back pain.

If these dangers of inflexibility prompt you to start stretching, keep in mind that contortionist tricks won't help any more than basic stretches -- remember, you just need to be flexible enough. Read more: The best desk workout equipment so you can exercise while you work.

The information contained in this article is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as health or medical advice. Always consult a physician or other qualified health provider regarding any questions you may have about a medical condition or health objectives. Be respectful, keep it civil and stay on topic.

We delete comments that violate our policy , which we encourage you to read. Discussion threads can be closed at any time at our discretion. Every joint or group of joints has varying levels of range of motion based on the extensibility of the muscles and tendons that surround them, explains Keats Snideman, PT, DPT, a certified strength and conditioning specialist CSCS and owner of Keats Physical Therapy , so one joint may be more flexible than another.

According to the ACSM, there are two components to flexibility: static and dynamic. Static flexibility is the full range of motion of any given joint because of external forces placed on it, like from a partner stretching your hamstrings.

On the other hand, dynamic flexibility is the full range of motion of a given joint achieved by using your muscles and external forces, like lowering into a deep squat thanks, gravity! It's important to note that mobility and flexibility aren't the same thing, even though they are often used interchangeably.

Mobility is the ability of any given joint to move through its anatomically possible range of motion, which can be influenced by flexibility i.

Ultimately, your flexibility is measured by how much the muscles and tendons surrounding the joint or joints are actually able to extend or lengthen. In other words, "flexibility is generally the ability to achieve specific joint ranges of motion in a passive manner without direct active muscle activation. Everything from poor posture and improper body mechanics to repetitive movement patterns and sedentary behavior can limit our flexibility, explains Jessica Matthews , doctor of behavioral health DBH , assistant professor of kinesiology at Point Loma Nazarene University and author of Stretching to Stay Young.

Keep in mind that there's no such thing as having an "optimal" level of flexibility that everyone should strive for, and being more flexible isn't always better.

While everyone has varying degrees of flexibility, generally speaking, the more flexible your muscles are, the greater your mobility. Simply put, you can't be mobile without your muscles being flexible. That's because flexible muscles makes moving more comfortable and allows your joints to move in proper sequence, meaning you're able to load the right muscles and joints to perform exercises.

If you are unable to achieve a specific range of motion in a passive manner with adequate flexibility, then in general, you will not be mobile within that range either," Schumacher says.