The scientist conducts physical experiments in an attempt to prove a genuine hypothesis. It is at the point when none of the experiments prove accurate that the chance of making an accidental discovery is amplified. However, it is not during this accidental moment that an actual discovery occurs: the scientist must be able, with prepared mind, to interpret the accidental observation and situate the new phenomena within his existing work.
In the summer of , M. Other quotes from Pasteur: "Any new system is worth trying when your luck is bad. However, apparently the history of vaccination goes back much further in time. The ancient Chinese developed a snuff made of powdered smallpox scabs which usually brought on a mild infection, protecting the individual from a more serious case later.
In the s European peasants immunized themselves via an injection under the skin, and in the early 18th century King George I allowed vaccination trials on the inmates of Newgate Prison. Some died, but enough lived and gained immunity for variolation to become accepted medical practice.
A daring first novel—both buoyant comedy and devastating satire by the author of Say You're One of Them. If there is anything more dangerous to the life of the mind than having no independent commitment to ideas Click Here to find out who said this, as well as discovering other famous literary quotes!
Your guide to exceptional books. Leonard talk about his experiences as an NIH intramural researcher and his concerns about career possibilities for the next generation of scientists. Leonard is a great example of a scientist who embraces the surprising discoveries and makes the most of every unexpected observation in his lab. Gibbons, M. Director's Messages. Therefore, it may be that how a person is thinking before problem solving begins is just as important as the kind of thinking involved in reaching the solution, and perhaps even determines whether the solution will be derived with a sudden insight.
Participants in the new study were presented with a series of word puzzles. Each problem consisted of three words for example, tank, hill, secret , and participants had to think of a single word that could form a compound or common phrase with each of the three words.
People sometimes solve such problems with a sudden flash of insight — the solution suddenly pops into their heads and seems obviously correct — and other times solve such problems more methodically, perhaps "trying out" possible solutions until they hit on the correct one in this case, top: tank top, hilltop, top secret.
In two parallel experiments, participants solved these problems while brain activity was monitored either with electroencephalograms EEG , which provide precise timing information and approximate anatomical information, or with functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI , which gives a more precise location of active brain areas, but with less precise timing. The researchers focused on neural activity that occurred during the period just before each problem was displayed.
The two brain imaging techniques yielded highly similar results and showed a different pattern of brain activity prior to problems that they subsequently solved with an "Aha!
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