This is important for fish becaus of the low oxygen concentration in water. How do fish carry out gas exchange efficiently? Fish use specialised surfaces called gills to carry out gas exchange. Summary Efficient gas exchange in fish is due to: -large surface area of gills due to gill lamellae -countercurrent principle -rich blood supply of lamellae -water being able to flow in one direction only. Answered by Shoam B. Need help with Biology?
One to one online tuition can be a great way to brush up on your Biology knowledge. Answered by Hannah T. Chloride cells CC were characterized by an electronlucent cytoplasmic matrix showing a well developed tubular system with a constant diameter and had a large apical surface Some CC having an electrondense cytoplasmic matrix and exhibiting signs of apoptosis were randomly spread on the filament epithelium Fig. These cells showed large vesicles and structural disorganization of the mitochondria and tubular system Fig.
Mucous cells are round mm diameter. These cells are almost totally covered by adjacent pavement cells and their surface facing the aquatic environment were very reduced 0. Several H. Inner cell layers of the filament epithelium consisted of several cells showing different electrondensities. A thin basal lamina interfaces the filament epithelium and the connective tissue, which were reduced close to the primary artery.
The lamellar epithelium surrounds the vascular space formed by the pillar cell flanges Fig. The lamellae are small and the harmonic mean between the lamellae's water and blood barrier consisting of epithelial layers and pillar cell flanges was estimated as 6. Three cell types were abundant in the epithelial layers in H. The surface architecture of pavement cells of the lamellar epithelium was characterized by short microvilli 0. CCs were distributed throughout the lamellar surface Fig.
Apical surfaces of CCs are similar to those found in the filament epithelium. The inner layer's cells were close to the basal lamina and were poor in organelles, having only a small number of mitochondria and ribosomes. These cells' nuclei tend to appear in a position overlying the pillar cell bodies.
No junctional structures were identified between the basal membrane of PVC and CC and the cells of the inner layer; large intercellular spaces were found between these epithelial layers, mainly when leukocytes were present Fig. Typically, the filament multilayered and lamellar two cell layers epithelia of H.
Neuroepithelial cells were not identified on the leading edge of the filament epithelium of H. This may be due to the particular location of these cells on the epithelium or the orientation of the sections. PVC ultrastructure is similar to other teleosts Laurent, The well-developed Golgi complex, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and the number of mitochondria indicate an active cell Laurent, The functional role of the differences in the surface architecture between filament and lamellar epithelium cells are unknown; however, their ornamentation may be important in anchoring mucus to the epithelial surfaces.
The mucus is believed to form a protective layer McCahon et al. The MCs of H. Although their distribution and number in gill epithelia vary from one species to another Laurent, , MCs in H. The presence of these cells on the leading filament edge appears to aid in more effective distribution of mucus over the gills. Saboya-Moraes et al. The differences in electrondense packet granules may be related to their degree of development. The main features of the epithelial gill cells of H.
The large apical surface area of CCs such as that found in H. The distribution of CCs is normally restricted to the interlamellar region of the filament epithelium at the base of the lamellae, being more abundant in the trailing edge afferent side of the filament Laurent, , The presence of CCs in the lamellar epithelium of freshwater fish varies according to the species; they are absent in guppy Pisam et al.
Since the Monjolinho Reservoir water where the H. However, as H. Perna and S. Abrir menu Brasil. Biology , vol 9, no. Structure And Function - Fish. Edu , Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Use precise geolocation data. Select personalised content. Create a personalised content profile. Measure ad performance. Select basic ads. Create a personalised ads profile. Select personalised ads. Apply market research to generate audience insights.
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